RULE VII--REFERENCE SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

	verbose	asterisk

• Single
  _]

  	verbose	dagger

• Double
  __]

  	verbose	double-dagger

	verbose	paragraph-mark

• Single
  @,s

  	verbose	section-mark

• Double
  @,s@,s

  	verbose	section-mark section-mark

	verbose	figure-star

§46. Reference Signs and Symbols: The reference signs of this section must be represented by the symbols listed above and English Braille symbols must not be used. Some of these signs are also used as signs of operation and in that case the rules governing signs of operation apply (see Rule XIX). When it is certain that a symbol in the above list is to be used for reference purposes, the superscript position, if indicated in ink print, must be ignored in the transcription.

When a reference sign occurs for which no provision exists in this code, such as darts, pictures, etc., the transcriber must devise a suitable symbol with an explanatory transcriber's note. Whether a reference symbol exists in this Code or has be devised by the transcriber, such symbols are subject to the rules for signs and symbols of references.

(1)

,a ,cantor @# set is '''

(the asterisk is a reference sign, and its superscript position must not be indicated)

verbose semantics

A Cantor asterisk set is ellipsis

(2)

f@#g

(the asterisk is a sign of operation)

verbose semantics

f asterisk g

§47. General Reference Indicator: When a reference to a footnote is denoted by a numeral, usually in the superscript position, and no other reference sign is employed, the general reference indicator immediately followed by the numeral of the printed text must be used in the transcription and the numeral must not be represented as being in the superscript position.

(1)

,f9d ! 9dex @]#1 (! radical4

(in ink print, a 1 appears in the superscript position after "index"; it refers to a footnote)

verbose semantics

Find the index Superscript 1 Baseline of the radical period

§48. Spacing with Symbols of Reference:

a. When a reference sign which calls attention to or introduces a footnote is attached to a word or mathematical expression, the reference symbol must follow that word or expression with a space between. If such a reference sign is unattached its position relative to its surrounding material must be preserved, and a space must be left on either side of the reference symbol. However, if there is a punctuation which applies to such a reference, no space should be left between the reference symbol and the punctuation mark which applies to it.

(1)

,irr,nal @# numb]s '''

(in ink print, the asterisk precedes "irrational" and is unspaced from it)

verbose semantics

asterisk Irrational numbers ellipsis

(2)

,irr,nal @# numb]s '''

(in ink print, the asterisk follows "irrational" and is unspaced from it)

verbose semantics

Irrational asterisk numbers ellipsis

(3)

@# ,irr,nal numb]s '''

(in ink print, the asterisk precedes "irrational" and is spaced away from it)

verbose semantics

asterisk Irrational numbers ellipsis

(4)

''' sets4 @#

(in ink print, the asterisk follows the period but the period does not apply to the asterisk)

verbose semantics

ellipsis sets period asterisk

(5)

''' sets @#_4

(in ink print, the asterisk follows "sets" and is unspaced from it; the period applies to the asterisk)

verbose semantics

ellipsis sets asterisk period

b. The symbols for the section mark, paragraph mark, general reference indicator, star, asterisk, and dagger, when the asterisk or dagger does not call attention to or introduce a footnote, must be unspaced from the letter or numeral which applies to them. All reference symbols, whether or not they call attention to or introduce a footnote, must be spaced away from the words to which they apply.

(1)

@,s#1, @,pa

verbose semantics

section-mark 1 comma paragraph-mark a

(2)

,a ,cantor @]#1 set is '''

(in ink print, a 1 appears in the superscript position after "Cantor"; it refers to a footnote)

verbose semantics

A Cantor Superscript 1 Baseline set is ellipsis

(3)

@##10_4

(asterisk denotes a problem for extra study and is followed by the problem number)

verbose semantics

asterisk 10 period

(4)

#1@#_4

(asterisk denotes a problem for extra study and follows the problem number)

verbose semantics

1 asterisk period

(5)

#1_4@#

(asterisk denotes a problem for extra study and follows the period; the numeral 1 applies to the asterisk even though there is an intervening period)

verbose semantics

1 period asterisk

(6)

@# ,= extra credit

(this is a footnote)

verbose semantics

asterisk For extra credit period

c. The placement and indentation of footnotes are subject to the rules for footnotes in the "Code of Braille Textbook Formats and Techniques."