Nemeth Code Rules

#1_/x vs4 ;,t

1 slash x vs period Upper T

Oct period comma Nov period comma Dec period

,mon41 ,tues41 ,wed4

Mon period comma Tues period comma Wed period

#110 ,w4 #110th ,/4

110 W period 110th St period

ii. Abbreviations of measurement.

C period stands for Centigrade

iii. Acronyms.

iv. Personal or geographic initials.

,i saw ,mr4 ,m4 & ,mr4 ,n4

I saw Mr period M period and Mr period N period

,g4 ,b4 ,%aw

G period B period Shaw

,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4

Washington comma D period C period

v. Initials of agencies, organizational, etc.

B period V period D period

,! ;,b & ;,o ,railroad4

The B Ampersand O Railroad period

vi. Special abbreviations confined to a particular field or even to a particular book.

(means "least common denominator)

lcd

(means "least upper bound")

L period U period B period

(means "side-angle-side")

,,sas

(means "Closure Property for Addition")

vii. Abbreviations formed by the use of initial or principal letters of a word, phrase, or name.

CIPA

("st." means "straight")

(means "Program Language I")

(means "Input-Output")

(means "direct current")

,blood types >e ;,a, ;,b, ,a,b, & ;,o_4

d hyphen c

b. When a letter or sequence of letters does not represent a word or phrase, it must not be considered as an abbreviation and must be transcribed according to other rules of this Code. Abbreviated function names, as well as model numbers, serial numbers, etc. must also not be considered abbreviations and must be transcribed according to other rules of this Code. When there is a doubt as to whether or not a construction is an abbreviation, it must be treated as if it were not an abbreviation.

Blood types are A comma B comma AB comma and O period

,s]ial no4 ,g,e"96,f"12_4

Serial no period Number G E 9 6 F 1 2 period

§50. Capitalization with Abbreviations: In an abbreviation, whenever letters are capitalized in ink print, a single letter must be preceded by the single capitalization indicator, and a sequence of more than one letter must be preceded by the double capitalization indicator.

(means "Eastern Standard Time")

i. The period applies to the abbreviation but does not end a sentence.

EST

§51. English-Letter Indicator with Abbreviations:

a. When a period follows an abbreviation, there are four possibilities to consider:

ii. The period ends a sentence but does not apply to the abbreviation.

iii. The period both applies to the abbreviation and ends a sentence.

iv. It is doubtful whether the period applies to the abbreviation.

In the case of ii, the English-letter indicator must be used or must not be used as if the period were not present. In case iv, the period should be considered as applying to the abbreviation and the appropriate rule must then be applied.

The use or non-use of the English-letter indicator with abbreviations does not depend upon the braille symbols with which the abbreviation may happen to be in contact, such as grouping symbols, braille indicators, fraction lines, the hyphen, or the slash.

b. The English-letter indicator must be used before an abbreviation which consists of one letter or of a combination of letters corresponding to a short-form word provided the abbreviation is not followed by a period which applies to it.

(no periods apply to these abbreviations)

#10 ;g +10 ;g .k #20 ;g

10 grams plus 10 grams equals 20 grams

,we "k #32^.* ;,f .k #0^.* ;,c4

(the period ends a sentence and does not apply to the abbreviation)

We know 32 degrees Fahrenheit equals 0 degrees Celsius period

(no period applies to "yr" whose letters correspond to a short-form word)

#1 li<t-;yr

(no period applies to the "N")

lat period 30 degree 20 prime N

(no period applies to the "1")

$4 ;l .k #1000 cc

square 1 equals 1000 cc

(the presence of the parentheses has no effect upon the decision that the English-letter indicator must be used)

(;m)

left-parenthesis m right-parenthesis

(no period applies to the "m"; the presence of the superscript indicator has no effect upon the decision that the English-letter indicator must be used)

$4 ;m^2 .k #100 cm^2

square meters squared equals 100 centimeters squared

(no period applies to the "m"; the presence of the fraction indicator and fraction line has no effect upon the decision that the English-letter indicator must be used)

?;m/cm#@*?cm/mm#

StartFraction meters Over centimeters EndFraction times StartFraction centimeters Over millimeters EndFraction

(9)

;,i_/;,o m1ns 8,input_/,output40

(no period applies to either abbreviation; the presence of the slash has no effect upon the decision that the English-letter indicator must be used)

I slash O means quote Input slash Output period quote

c. The English-letter indicator must not be used before an abbreviation which consists of one letter or of a combination of letters corresponding to a short-form word provided the abbreviation is followed by a period which applies to it. The English-letter indicator must also not be used before an abbreviation whose letters do not correspond to a short-form word. In this case, whether a period applies to the abbreviation or not has no effect on the rule for the non-use of the English-letter indicator.

#100^.* ,c4 .k #212^.* ,f4

(the periods apply to the abbreviations)

100 degrees Celsius equals 212 degrees Fahrenheit

,does #1 km4 .k #1000 m48

(the period applies to the "m")

Does 1 kilometers equals 1000 meters question-mark

(the period applies to "yr" whose letters correspond to a short-form word)

#1 li<t-yr4

(the presence of the parentheses has no effect upon the decision that the English-letter indicator must not be used)

left-parenthesis m period right-parenthesis

(the periods apply to the abbreviations; the presence of the fraction indicators and fraction line has no effect upon the decision that the English-letter indicator must not be used.)

?w4/v4#

StartFraction w period Over v period EndFraction

(the abbreviation "km" does not correspond to a short-form word)

#1 km .k #1000 ;m

1 kilometers equals 1000 meters

(the periods apply to the abbreviations)

#100 cm4^2 .k = m4^2

100 centimeters squared equals question-mark meters squared

§52. Punctuation with Abbreviations: Abbreviations must be punctuated in the literary mode, provided that the punctuation is at the same level as that abbreviation. (See §§37 and 38)

i4e41

i period e period comma

(e4g41 ''')

left-parenthesis e period g period comma ellipsis right-parenthesis

#3 gal41 #2 qt41 #1 pt4

3 gallons comma 2 quarts comma 1 pints

$t;reg4 ;polygon

triangle Subscript reg period polygon

# gal1 #2 qt1 #1 pt4

3 gallons comma 2 quarts comma 1 pints

(abbreviated form for angle = angle)

(a4 .k a4)

left-parenthesis a period equals a period right-parenthesis

,turn 6,*ap4 ,,iv, (p4 #27)_4

Turn to Chap period UpperWord I V comma left-parenthesis p period 27 right-parenthesis period

(9)

,ref] 6,vol4 ;,i, pp4 #30-35_4

Refer to Vol period Upper I comma pp period 30 minus 35 point

(10)

#60 mph .k #88 ft4_/sec4

60 miles per hour equals 88 feet slash seconds

§53. Contractions in Abbreviations: No contractions may be used in an abbreviation which is in direct contact with any of the items in §55a. The abbreviation "in." or "in" usually meaning "inches" must never be contracted. The "st" contraction may only be used for abbreviating "street" or "saint". It must not be used for any other abbreviation, such as "st." for "straight".

n st period angle apostrophe s

,r1d ,*ap4 ;,v_4

Read Chap period Upper V period

.(,>iz41 ,>k41 ,3n4.)

left-brace Ariz period comma Ark period comma Conn period right-brace

.(,w$41 ,?urs41 ,fri4.)

left-brace Wed period comma Thurs period comma Fri period right-brace

6 minutes slash 360 seconds

(10)

?1 hr4/60 m94#

StartFraction 1 hours Over 60 minutes EndFraction

(11)

#6 min_/360 sec

6 minutes slash 360 seconds

(12)

?1 hr_/60 min#

StartFraction 1 hours Over 60 minutes EndFraction

(13)

,s;part4 ;sum

(period at the subscript level)

S Subscript part period sum

(14)

/atvolt-cm_/statamp-oer/$

statvolt hyphen centimeters slash statamp hyphen oersted

§54. Spacing with Abbreviations:

a. In transcribing abbreviations, the English Braille techniques of transposition (writing an abbreviation in front of its number) and condensation (using braille abbreviations shorter than their ink print counterparts) must not be employed.

,turn 6,*ap4 ,,iv, (p4 #27)_4

Turn to Chap period UpperWord I V comma left-parenthesis p period 27 right-parenthesis period

,ref] 6,vol4 ,,ii, pp4 #30-35_4

Refer to Vol period UpperWord I I comma pp period 30 hyphen 35 period

b. No space should be left between an abbreviation and its period, if present, and a slash line or any symbol of grouping, indicator, punctuation, or fraction line which applies to the abbreviation. A space must also not be left between two components

of an abbreviation when no space appears in ink print. A space must be left on either side of an abbreviation in all other situations.

#60 mph .k #88 ft_/sec

60 miles per hour equals 88 feet slash seconds

(3 yd)^2 .k #9 yd^2

left-parenthesis 3 yards right-parenthesis squared equals 9 yards squared

>60 ft]

StartRoot 60 feet EndRoot

(4)

?1 hr4/60 m94#

StartFraction 1 hours Over 60 minutes EndFraction

$t;reg4 ;polygon

triangle Subscript reg period polygon

42 feet board measure

#3 ft4 .k #1 yd4

3 feet equals 1 yards

(9)

,q1 .k ,u1- p4e4

Upper Q 1 equals Upper U 1 minus p period e period

,a rectangle ;h ft l;g by ;k ft hi<4

A rectangle h feet long by k feet high period

(12)

#4 yd #2 ft #1 in

4 yards 2 feet 1 inches

(13)

;,n #35^.* ;,w

Upper N Baseline 35 degree-sign Upper W

(14)

(2x-3y) mi4

(the closing parenthesis does not apply to the abbreviation; the abbreviation must be preceded by a space)