Nemeth Code Rules
RULE IX--CONTRACTIONS AND SHORT-FORM WORDS
§55. Non-Use of Contractions and Short-Form Words:
a. Contractions and short-form words must not be used in a word, part of word, or abbreviation when it is in direct contact with any item listed below. They must also not be used before or after the space which immediately precedes or follows a sign of comparison. In the case where transition to another braille line has been made, contractions must not be used if they could not have been used without the transition. In the case of an expression containing a hyphen or dash, only that portion between the hyphen or dash and the item with which direct contact is made subject to this rule.

verbose semantics |
cosine left-bracket 2 Arc cosecant left-parenthesis minus StartFraction
29 Over
21 EndFraction
right-parenthesis right-bracket |
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.k_'s a4$ to .k_'s are .k_4
verbose semantics |
It is a fundamental principle that equals apostrophe s added to equals apostrophe s are equals period |
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b. Contractions must not be used in abbreviated function names in any context. In addition, contractions must not be used in unabbreviated function names which appear in a mathematical context. In particular, the word "arc" must not be contracted when immediately preceded or followed by mathematical symbols, whether space or unspaced.

verbose semantics |
cosine left-parenthesis arc Tan x plus StartFraction
pi Over
3 EndFraction
right-parenthesis |
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c. The contractions for to, into, and by must not be used before any of the items listed below. When the contraction for into may not be used, the contraction for "in" may nevertheless be used in "into" unless otherwise prohibited.

9to $ts ,a,b,c & ,d,b,c_4
verbose semantics |
Decompose rectangle Upper
A Upper
B Upper
C Upper
D into triangles Upper
A Upper
B Upper
C and Upper
D Upper
B Upper
C period |
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by i .k (0, 1)
verbose semantics |
the imaginary part denoted by i equals left-parenthesis 0 comma 1 right-parenthesis |
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results are .k_4
verbose semantics |
If equals apostrophe s are divided by equals apostrophe s comma the results are equals period |
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by i .k (0, 1)
verbose semantics |
the imaginary part denoted by i equals left-parenthesis 0 comma 1 right-parenthesis |
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+the numb] ( p :o g 0tra9

verbose semantics |
From left-parenthesis 1 right-parenthesis to left-parenthesis 5 right-parenthesis period |
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d. The st and th contractions must not be used for ordinal endings when these are attached to numerals, letters, or other mathematical expressions. If an ordinal ending is composed of only one letter, follow the ink print.

verbose semantics |
i th comma j th comma k th comma period period period comma left-parenthesis n minus 1 right-parenthesis th period |
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e. The one-cell whole word alphabet contractions for but, can, . . . , you, as and the one-cell lower-sign whole-word contractions for be, enough, were, his, in, was, whether capitalized, italicized, or neither, must not be used when these words are in direct contact with any grouping symbol. The contractions, whole-word or part-word, for and, for, of, the, with, whether capitalized, italicized, or bold and any contraction of the types mentioned above, the rule still applies. When this rule precludes the use of a contraction in one part of a word, no part of the word may be contracted.

repres5ts an 9teg]4
verbose semantics |
The x left-parenthesis in the example above right-parenthesis represents an integer period |
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verbose semantics |
left-parenthesis quote Can you find the answer question-mark quote right-parenthesis |
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f. Contractions must be used when they are likely to be mistaken for mathematical expressions.

posi;n4
§56. Use of Contractions and Short-Form Words: Subject to the conditions of §55, the use of contractions and short-form words of English Braille must be used.

verbose semantics |
left-parenthesis rate right-parenthesis times left-parenthesis time right-parenthesis equals left-parenthesis distance right-parenthesis |
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verbose semantics |
energy equals mass times left-parenthesis speed of light right-parenthesis squared |
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verbose semantics |
left-parenthesis people who travel by car right-parenthesis slash left-parenthesis 100 children right-parenthesis |
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